To the content
4 . 2020

Microbiological safety of food: development of normative and methodical base

Abstract

The main results and prospects of fundamental and applied hygienic research of the laboratory of biosafety and nutrimicrobiome analysis of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (hereinafter - the Institute of Nutrition) in the direction of developing a regulatory and methodological framework for assessing the microbiological safety of food are reviewed. The formation of microbiological regulation as a scientific analytical and administrative managerial process in the former USSR and the Russian Federation is considered in the context of historical data, including personal contribution of the scientists of the Institute of Nutrition and other specialists. The basic principles of regulation are emphasized: the scientific validity of the established criteria and requirements, the feasibility, technological attainability, differentiation according to the degree of danger to the health of consumers, preventive nature. The resource of the national normative and methodological base in the field of microbiological food safety at the turn of the century is characterized, the features of the introduction of the microbiological risk assessment (MRA) methodology in the substantiation of Russian norms and measures for the prevention offood infections are described. The information is given on the developed guidance documents on MRA and on the examples of norms adopted on its basis. The article covers the issues of reglamentation the requirements for food safety and reducing the spread of new pathogens Stx-Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacter sakazakii, Campylobacter spp. in the food chain based on risk-oriented approaches. The necessity of taking specific measures for the prevention of cross-contamination in the poultry processing industry is substantiated, taking into account the evidence of the high adaptability of C. jejuni isolated from domestic raw poultry. In the sanitarian-mycological aspect, the monitoring perspective of mould fungi, taking into account their chemotypes, in cereals and non-grain plant products is shown to predict the risk of mycotoxin accumulation and take timely measures. The need to assess the impact on the population, taking into account the characteristics of consumption in the country, as well as the development of criteria for indirect risk of residues are argued for regulation of the antibiotics in food. In light of the challenges in the field of agro - and food technologies to public health at the present stage, contributing to the acceleration of microbial evolution and the emergence of new risks in food, the priority tasks of improving the regulatory and methodological base for assessing microbio -logical safety have been identified, with an emphasis on the introduction into the process of substantiating the norms of innovative OMICs-technologies based on the achievements of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics.

Keywords:microbiological food safety, hygienic norms, emergent pathogens, microbiological risk assessment, microbiological analysis of foods

Funding. Research work was carried out at the expense of a grant for the performance of a state task. Parts of the work devoted to citing the results on the problem of studying food campylobacteriosis (grant No. 15-16-00015) and on the problem of mycological safety of food (in part) (grant No. 18-16-00077) were carried out at the expense of the Russian Science Foundation.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

For citation: Sheveleva S.A., Kuvaeva I.B., Efimochkina N.R., Minaeva L.P. Microbiological safety of food: development of normative and methodical base. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2020; 89 (4): 125-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10048 (in Russian)

References

1. World Health Organization. WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007–2015. Geneva: WHO Press, 2015a. URL: https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/foodborne_disease/fergreport/en/ (date of access May 15, 2020)

2. Sheveleva S.A. Antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in food as a hygienic problem. (review). Gigiena i sanitariya [Hygiene and Sanitation]. 2018; 97 (4): 342–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-4-342-354 (in Russian).

3. Nefed’eva N.P. On the principles of sanitary and bacteriological regulation and research in food hygiene.Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1959; (4): 67–72. (in Russian)

4. Sedova N.N. On the role of enterococci in the etiology of food poisoning: Autoabstract of Diss. Moscow, 1969: 23 p. (in Russian)

5. Geymberg V.G. Food sanitary microbiology. In: K.S. Petrovskiy (ed.). Food Hygiene. Moscow: Meditsina, 1971; 1 (Ch 22): 480–507. (in Russian)

6. Nefed’eva N.P., Sedova N.N. On the role of Sonne’s dysentery sticks in the etiology of foodborne toxicoinfections. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1974; (6): 3–9. (in Russian)

7. Kalina G.P., Chistovich G.N. (eds). Sanitary microbiology. Moscow: Meditsina, 1969: 383 p. (in Russian)

8. Nefed’eva N.P, Sedova N.N. On the issue of standardization of bacteriological indicators for assessing food products. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1973; (2): 66–8. (in Russian)

9. WHO Expert Committee on Microbiological Aspects of Food Hygiene, World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1976). Microbiological aspects of food hygiene: report of a WHO expert committee with the participation of FAO [meeting held in Geneva from 16 to 22 March 1976]. World Health Organization. URL; https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41215 (date of access May 15, 2020)

10. Kilsby D.C., Aspinall L.J., BairdParker A.C. A system for setting numerical microbiological specifications for foods. J Appl Bacteriol. 1979; 46 (3): 5919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb00860.x

11. Christian J.H.B. World Health Organization. Veterinary Public Health Unit & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Microbiological criteria for foods: summary of recommendations of FAO/WHO expert consultations and working groups 1975–1981. World Health Organization, 1983. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66410 (date of access May 15, 2020)

12. Refai M. K. Manuals of food quality control. Microbiological analysis. FAO Food and Nutrition, Paper 14/4. Rome : FAO, 1979. URL: https://www.academia.edu/3878771/ (date of access May 15, 2020)

13. Kuvaeva I.B. Microecological nutritional problems. Vestnik AMN SSSR [Bulletin of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences]. 1986; (11): 54–60. (in Russian)

14. Sheveleva S.A. Substantiation of unified parameters for food control for coliform bacteria. In: Hygienic Aspects of the Study of Biological Pollution of the Environment: Collection. Pt 2. Moscow, 1988: 118–9. (in Russian)

15. Temporary instructions on microbiological standards for a number of especially perishable food products and methods of their research No. 2510-81. USSR Ministry of Health; Main Sanitary and Epidemiological Directorate. Moscow, 1981: 29 p. (in Russian)

16. Kuvaeva I.B. Characteristics of the state of the microecological and immunological system in children in health and disease. In: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects of Nutrition Science. Moscow, 1985; (4): 132–46. (in Russian)

17. Kuvaeva I.B., Petrushina L.I., Sheveleva S.A. A method for in vitro determination of the survival of microorganisms in children's and dietary products containing microorganisms, and eubiotic preparations. Certificate of authorship USSR, No. 1306135. State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries. Moscow, 22.12.1986. (in Russian)

18. Kuvaeva I.B., Petrushina L.I., Sheveleva S.A., Kolosnitsyna N.V. Experimental basis of principles for creating microbiologic standards for food products for children during the 1st year of life. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1987; (2): 56–9. (in Russian)

19. Kuvaeva I.B., Sheveleva S.A. Formation of microbiological criteria for the quality of food products for the population of regions in an unfavorable ecological situation. In: Materialy nauchnoy konferentsii «Problemy ratsional’nogo pitaniya detskogo i vzroslogo naseleniya, prozhivayushchego na territoriyakh, postradavshikh v rezul’tate avarii na ChAES» [Proceedings of the scientific conference «Problems of Rational Nutrition of Children and Adults Living in the Territories Affected by the Chernobyl Accident»]. Bryansk, 1993: 108 p. (in Russian)

20. Rubinshteyn Yu.I. Some properties of the «toxin» Fusarium Sporotrichioides. In: Trudy AMN SSSR. Voprosy pitaniia [Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Problems of Nutrition]. Moscow, 1951; (1): 247–53. (in Russian)

21. Pokrovskiy A.A., Nikolaeva M.Ya., Nefed'eva N.P., Bogoroditskaya V.P. To the method of obtaining, purification and identification of aflatoxin B1. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1971: 30 (4): 69. (in Russian)

22. Kuvaeva I.B., Boltyanskaya E.V., Sugonyaeva N.P., Kroyakova E.A. Study of mycobiocenosis of pink-colored grain and study of its toxic properties in experiment. In: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Instituta pitaniya AMN SSSR. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie aspekty nauki o pitanii. T. 5. Aktual’nye problemy gigieny pitaniya [Collection of scientific works of the Institute of Nutrition of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Nutritional Science. Vol. 5. Food Hygiene Topics]. Moscow: Akademiya meditsinskikh nauk, 1984: 154–68. (in Russian)

23. Minaeva L. P., Sedova I.B., Malinkin A.D., Aleshkina A.I., Sheveleva S.A. Study of the toxigenic potential of fungi of the genus Fusarium in vitro by the method of multi-detection of mycotoxins. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2016; 85 (S2): 27. (in Russian)

24. Sheveleva S.A., Gmoshinskiy I.V., Boltyanskaya E.V., Efimochkina N.R., Zorin S.N., Mazo V.K. Effect of mold fungus spore consumption with food on systemic anaphylaxis in rats. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2004; 73 (6): 43–7. (in Russian)

25. Batishcheva S.Yu., Kuznetsova G.G., Bykova I.B., Efimochkina N.R., Sheveleva S.A. An influence of fungi spores consumption with food on intestinal microflora in rats. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2009; 78 (2): 42–7. (in Russian)

26. Minaeva L.P., Aleshkina A.I., Markova Y.M., Polyanina A.S., Pichugina T.V., Bykova I.B., et al. Studying the contamination of tea and herbal infusions with mold fungi as potential mykotoxin producers: the first step to risk assessment (message 1). Analiz riska zdorov’yu [Health Risks Analysis]. 2019; (1): 93–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2019.1.10 (in Russian)

27. Kiseleva M.G., Chalyy Z.A., Sedova I.B., Minaeva L.P., Sheveleva S.A. Studying the contamination of tea and herbal infusions with myсotoxins (message 2). Analiz riska zdorov’yu [Health Risks Analysis]. 2020; (1): 38–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.1.04 (in Russian)

28. Efmochkina N.R., Sedova I.B., Sheveleva S.A., Tutelyan V.A. Toxigenic properties of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya [Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Biology]. 2019; (45): 6–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/45/1 (in Russian)

29. Sheveleva S.A. The analysis risk of contamination microorganism food products. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2006; 75(5): 56–65. (in Russian)

30. Sheveleva S.A. Microbiological risk analysis as a basis for improving the food safety assessment and control system: Autoabstract of Diss. Moscow, 2007: 46 p. (in Russian)

31. Nityaga I.M. Improving the efficiency of detecting L. monocytogenes and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli in meat and meat products: Autoabstract of Diss. Moscow, 2004: 17 p. (in Russian)

32. Cahill S.M., Jouve J.L.R. Microbiological risk assessment in developing countries. J Food Prot. 2004; 67 (9): 2016–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-67.9.2016

33. Sheveleva S.A., Kuvaeva I.B. Harmonization of microbiological food safety requirements: problem statement and modern problems. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2006; 75(4): 35–45. (in Russian)

34. Sheveleva S.A., Efimochkina N.R., Bykova I.B., Batishcheva S.Yu. Substantiation of microbiological safety indicators for new types of food products. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2014; 83(S3): 162–4. (in Russian)

35. Zaytseva N.V., Tutelyan V.A., Shur P.Z., Khotimchenko S.A., Sheveleva S.A. Experience of justification of hygienic standards of food safety with the use of criteria for the risk population health. Gigiena i sanitariia [Hygiene and Sanitation]. 2014; 93 (5): 70–4. (in Russian)

36. De Keuckelaere A., Jacxsens L., Amoah P., Medem, G., McClure P., Jaykus L.A., et al. Zero risk does not exist: lessons learned from microbial risk assessment related to use of water and safety of fresh produce. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2015; 14 (4): 387–410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12140

37. Guidelines for the determination of residual amounts of tetracycline antibiotics (chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline) in meat products by microbiological and chemical methods. Approved by the USSR Ministry of Health 07.04.1975. No. 1295: 17 p. (in Russian)

38. Sheveleva S.A., Bogoroditskaya V.P. Presence of chlortetracycline residues in the organs and tissues of poultry. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1977; (6): 64–7. (in Russian)

39. Bogoroditskaya V.P., Narodetskaya R.V., Sheveleva S.A., Stoyanova V.G., Lebedeva E.A. Levels of tetracycline residues in meat products. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1981; (3): 54–6. (in Russian)

40. Kudymov V.M., Sheveleva S.A., Narodetskaya R.V.Changes in the immunoreactivity of rats under the action of heat-treated chlortetracycline. Gigiena i sanitariia [Hygiene and Sanitation]. 1980; (7): 22–5. (in Russian)

41. Sheveleva S.A., Nesterin M.F., Narodetskaya R.V. Effect of antibiotics on cholesterol metabolism under conditions of a varying protein content in the diet. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1977; (4): 17–21. (in Russian)

42. Kuvaeva I.B., Kuznetsova G.G. Antagonistic activity of microbial populations of protective flora and its relationship with the characteristics of microbiocenosis and nutritional factors. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1993; (3): 46–50. (in Russian)

43. Sheveleva S.A. Antibiotics in food products: new aspects of the problem. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1994; (4): 23–8. (in Russian)

44. Residues of veterinary drugs in foods. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation, Rome, 29 October – 5 November 1984. FAO Food Nutr. Pap. 1985; 32: 1–54. URL:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4029366/ (date of access May 15, 2020)

45. Onishchenko G.G., Sheveleva S.A., Khotimchenko S.A. Hygienic substantiation of the permissible levels for tetracycline-group antibiotics in food. Gigiena i sanitariia [Hygiene and Sanitation]. 2012; (6): 4–14. (in Russian)

46. Azbelev V.N. Food toxic infections and intoxication caused by aerobic bacteria. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo AMN SSSR, 1952: 112 p. (in Russian)

47. Fluer F.S., Bugrova V.I. Obtaining staphylococcal anti-enterotoxic serum type B for serotyping of staphylococci. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1977; (1): 61–3. (in Russian)

48. Sheveleva S.A., Efimochkina N.R., Ivanov A.A., Tururushkina N.N., Frolochkina T.I. Food poisonings and infections in the Russian Federation during 1992-2001: state-of-art and trends. Gigiena i sanitariia [Hygiene and Sanitation]. 2003; (3): 38–45 (in Russian)

49. Kuvaeva I.B., Karlikanova N.R., Lukina I.B. Detection of enterotoxigenic staphylococci in milk and cheese. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 1994; (4): 29–31. (in Russian)

50. Efimochkina N.R., Bykova I.B., Batishcheva S.Yu., Sheveleva S.A. The significance of some potentially pathogenic microorganisms in occurrence of food toxicoinfections. Report 2. Assessment of the role of toxigenic strains of Bacillus cereus. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2012; 81 (3): 24–9. (in Russian)

51. Efimochkina N.R. Emerging bacterial pathogens in food microbiology. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo RAMN, 2008: 256 p. (in Russian)

52. Karlikanova N.R., Kuvaeva I.B., Karlikanova S.N. Listeria in milk and dairy products Moscow; Uglich, 1999: 121 p. (in Russian)

53. Efimochkina N.R., Bykova I.B., Barber N.V., Nityaga I.M., Sheveleva S.A. Enterobacter sakazakii in infant dry milk products. Voprosy detskoy dietologii [Problems of Pediatric Nutrition]. 2005; 3(4): 46–9. (in Russian)

54. Efimochkina N.R. Identification of the new foodborne pathogens Enterobacter sakazakii with modern taxonomy approaches. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2009; 78 (3): 25–33. (in Russian)

55. Sheveleva S.A., Karlikanova N.R. On the regulation of the Listeria monocytogenes indicator in food products and raw foods in Russia. Zdorov’e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya [Public Health and Life Environment]. 1999; (11): 22–4. (in Russian)

56. Efimochkina N.R., Sheveleva S.A., Nityaga I.M. Study of the survival rate of enterotoxigenic Escherichia during storage of fermented meat products. In: Materialy 2-go Mezhdunarodnogo kongressa «Biotekhnologiya – sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya» [Proceedings of International congress «Biotechnology: State of the Art and Perspectives»]. Moscow, 2003: 154–5. (in Russian)

57. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other pathogenic bacteria in seeds and sprouted seeds. EFSA J. 2011; 9 (11): 2424.

58. Sheveleva S.A., Shurysheva Zh.N., Piskareva I.I. Contamination of Campylobacter spp. from foodstuff. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2006; 75 (6): 38–43. (in Russian)

59. Bulakhov A. V., Efimochkina N. R., Sheveleva S. A. Detection of bacteria genus Campylobacter in poultry products by PCR method. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2009; 79 (3): 24–9. (in Russian)

60. Litvinova O.S., Sokolova L.V., Bulakhov A.V., Sheveleva S.A., Shakhmardanov M.Z., Udalov G.G. Clinical and laboratory detection of campylobacteriosis in patients with acute enteric infections. Rossiyskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal [Russian Medical Journal]. 2011; 17 (4): 13–5. (in Russian)

61. Efimochkina N.R., Bykova I.B., Markova Yu.M., Korotkevich Yu.V., Sheveleva S.A. The study of influence of stresses on virulence genes expression in foodborne pathogens Campylobacter jejuni. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2016; 85 (1): 66–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2016-00008 (in Russian)

62. Efimochkina N.R. Bacterial food pathogens of the Campylobacter genus. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo RAMN, 2019: 214 p. (in Russian)

63. Sheveleva S.A., Efimochkina N.R., Minaeva L.P., Bykova I.B., Markova Yu.M., Pichugina T.V., et al. Measures to reduce the spread of campylobacteriosis in the food chain: specific approaches. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2018; 87 (S5): 200–1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2018-10309 (in Russian)

64. Sheveleva S.A., Efimochkina N.R., Minaeva L.P., Bykova I.B., Markova Yu.M., Pichugina T.V., et al. Scientific substantiation of approaches to the control of campylobacteriosis agents in food products. In: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii «Sovremennye dostizheniya i problemy genetiki i biotekhnologii v zhivotnovodstve» [Proceedings of International conference «Achievements and Problems of Genetics and Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry»]. Dubrovitsy, 2019: 243–51. (in Russian)

65. Korotkevich Yu.V. Antibiotic resistance analysis of Enterococcusspp. and Enterobacteriaceae spp. isolated from food. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2016; 85 (2): 5–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2016-00018 (in Russian)

66. Tutelyan V.A., Nikityuk D.B., Burlyaeva E.A., Khotimchenko E.A., Khotimchenko S.A., Baturin A.K., Starodubova A.V., et al. COVID-19: new challenges for medical science and practical health. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2020; 89 (3): 6–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10024 (in Russian)

67. Tutelyan V.A., Khotimchenko S.A., Gmoshinskiy I.V., Tyshko N.V., Gapparov M.M.G., Baturin A.K., et al.Materials of the Research Institute of Nutrition of the RAMS. Modern legislative, regulatory and methodological framework in the field of food safety in the Russian Federation. Analiticheskiy vestnik Soveta Federatsii Federal’nogo Sobraniya RF [Analytical Bulletin of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the RF]. 2013; 16 (500): 33–46. URL: http://council.gov.ru/activity/analytics/analytical_bulletins/33538/(date of access May 15, 2020) (in Russian)

68. Efimochkina N.R. Microbiology of foodstuff and modern methods of detection of pathogens. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo RAMN, 2013: 518 p. (in Russian)

69. Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics: National Guidelines. Edited by V.A. Tutelyan, D.B. Nikityuk. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2020: 656 p. (Sheveleva S.A. Chapter 29. Quality control and food safety. 29.1. Food biosafety control. URL: http://www.rosmedlib.ru/doc/ISBN9785970453520-EXT-PRIL01.html (in Russian)

70. Bykova I.B., Bulakhov A.V. Analysis of international programs of the hygienic monitoring of foodborne pathogens. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of Nutrition]. 2012; 81 (6): 12–8. (in Russian)

All articles in our journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0 license)

SCImago Journal & Country Rank
Scopus CiteScore
CHIEF EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
Viktor A. Tutelyan
Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (Moscow, Russia)

Journals of «GEOTAR-Media»